Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Texas face legal challenges and discrimination not faced by other people. The state denied gays and lesbians the right to marry a same-sex partner both by statute and in its constitution. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled bans on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges, yet the ruling remains challenged in Texas. Texas has a hate crimes statute that strengthens penalties for certain crimes motivated by a victim's sexual orientation, although it has never been invoked. Gender identity is not included in the hate crimes law. There is no statewide law banning anti-LGBT discrimination, however, some localities in Texas have ordinances that in theory provide a variety of legal protections and benefits to LGBT people but aren't enforced.
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Discrimination protection
State law
Texas state law does not protect employees from discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. Since at least 1999, no bill prohibiting discrimination by employers based on sexual orientation or gender identity has made it out of the committee stage in the Texas legislature. During the legislature's 2013 regular session, House Bill 238 by Representative Mike Villarreal, House Bill 1146 by Representative Eric Johnson, and Senate Bill 237 by Senator Leticia Van de Putte would have prohibited this discrimination; however, all these bills died in their respective committees.
Texas state law does not protect persons from housing or public accommodations discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity or expression. House Bill 2215 by Representative Jessica Farrar in the legislature's 2009 regular session would have prohibited this discrimination; however, the bill died in the Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence committee of the house of representatives.
Texas state law does not protect persons from insurance discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity or expression. During the legislature's 2013 regular session, House Bill 206 by Representative Senfronia Thompson, House Bill 541 by Representative Robert Alonzo, and Senate Bill 73 by Senator Rodney Ellis would have prohibited this discrimination; however, all these bills died in their respective committees.
County law
City law
The following Texas cities have ordinances prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in housing, public accommodations, city employment, private employment, city contractors: but no occasions occurred where it was actually enforced.
San Antonio has protections for sexual orientation and gender identity for housing, public accommodations, city employment, and city contractors.
El Paso has protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity for public accommodations and city employment.
Brownsville, Houston, and Waco have protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity for city employment only.
Grand Prairie has a city policy prohibiting city employment and city contractor discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation only.
Top 20 Texas Cities: status of nondiscrimination protections (for sexual orientation and gender identity)
School districts with LGBT inclusive policies in Texas
The following school districts have both employee welfare and student welfare policies prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression:
Dallas ISD, Fort Worth ISD,Austin ISD,Houston ISD.
El Paso ISD has similar protections, worded as "gender stereotyping and perceived sexuality."
Cedar Hill ISD has protections for sexual orientation only.
University LGBT non-discrimination policies in Texas
The following universities (cited in chart) have non-discrimination policies for students and employees based on sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression:
The following universities (cited in chart) have non-discrimination policies for students and employees based on sexual orientation, and gender identity:
The following universities (cited in chart) have non-discrimination policies for students and employees based on sexual orientation only:
The following universities (cited in chart) have non-discrimination statements for sexual orientation for on-campus housing:
The following universities (cited in chart) have non-discrimination statements for roommate selection/roommate requests based on sexual orientation*:
University policies for sexual orientation (S), gender identity (GI), and gender expression (GE)
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Rates of discrimination in Texas
Overview
- "Approximately 429,000 LGBT workers in Texas are vulnerable to employment discrimination absent explicit statewide legal protections, according to a new report co-authored by Christy Mallory, Senior Counsel, and Brad Sears, Executive Director, at the UCLA School of Law's Williams Institute. Currently, four localities in Texas prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in public and private sector employment, and seven localities protect local government workers or employees of local government contractors from such discrimination. Approximately 86% of Texas' workforce, however, is not covered by these laws." [97]
Gender identity discrimination
- "In response to a national 2010 survey, 79% Texans felt that these people were experiencing harassment or mistreatment at work, and 45% reported that they were not hired, 26% reported that they were fired, and 22% reported being denied a promotion because of their gender identity or expression."[98]
Public opinion on non-discrimination laws
- Aggregated data from two large public opinion polls find that 79% of Texas residents think that LGBT people experience a moderate amount to a lot of discrimination in the state. [99]
- In response to a national poll conducted in 2011, 73% of respondents from Texas said that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity should be prohibited in the U.S.[100]
Recognition of same-sex relationships and families
Marriage
The first legal challenge to Texas' ban on marriage between two people of the same sex came in 1972 when Travis Co Attorney Ned Granger requested an opinion from Attorney General Crawford Martin on the legality of issuing such licenses. Martin issued an opinion that, despite the lack of a specific prohibition against same-sex marriage in statute, it was not legally permitted. In 1973 the Texas Family Code was amended by House Bill 103 to explicitly state that a marriage license may only be issued to a man and a woman. HB 103 became effective on Jan 1, 1974.
In 1997, Texas banned the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Additional legislation in 2003 forbade the recognition of any same-sex marriages or civil unions. In 2005, voters approved a referendum that added those restrictions to the Texas Constitution.
On February 26, 2014, Judge Orlando Luis Garcia, of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, found that Texas's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. On April 23, 2014, Judge Barbara Nellermoe, of the 45th Judicial District Court of Bexar County, found that Texas's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Both cases were appealed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott.
In February 2015, two state judges in Travis County held the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. One ordered the recognition of a common law marriage between two women and the other order the county clerk to issue a marriage license to two women. They obtained their license and wed before Attorney General Ken Paxton obtained stays from the Texas Supreme Court and asked that court to void the marriage license.
On June 26, 2015, the United States became the twenty-first country to recognize same-sex marriage due to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges.
Domestic partner benefits provided by governmental entities
Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, El Paso, Houston, and San Antonio provide health insurance to domestic partners of city workers. In 2001, 52 percent of Houston voters approved Proposition 2, an amendment to the city charter prohibiting the city from providing domestic partner benefits for city employees. The amendment, however, specifically permits benefits to be provided to "legal spouses" of employees, and in November 2013, the city's legal department determined it would be unlawful to continue to deny spousal benefits for legally married same-sex couples.
The Pflugerville Independent School District allows domestic partners of district workers to be included in the district's health insurance plan, although the workers must pay the entire cost of the coverage as they do for any dependent.
Dallas County pays cash subsidies to help cover the cost of individual insurance policies purchased by the domestic partners of county employees. The amount of the subsidy is the same as the amount the county contributes to the group insurance plan that covers county employees, which in October 2012 was $300 per month. The county was unable to add the domestic partners to the group plan because the two other counties participating in the plan, Denton and Tarrant, opposed it.
Travis County allows the domestic partners of county employees to participate as dependents in the county's group insurance plan.
El Paso County provides health benefits to unmarried partners of county employees.
Bexar County allows county employee benefits to be extended to domestic partners.
2013 Texas attorney general opinion
In April 2013, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott, in response to a legislator's request, provided his legal opinion that the Texas Constitution prohibits a political subdivision of the state from providing benefits based on a status like "domestic partnership" because it is "similar to marriage". In response, officials in Travis County and Fort Worth defended the legality of their domestic partnership benefits, as did those in other jurisdictions who minimized the significance of the opinion. The Austin Independent School District decided in June 2013 not to offer health benefits to the domestic partners of its employees, but changed its position in August 2013.
Adoption
In Texas, any adult may adopt a child without regard to the adult's sexual orientation or gender identity. Lesbian couples can access IVF and assisted insemination treatment.
Texas statutes do not prohibit same-sex second-parent adoptions or adoption by a same-sex couple and state courts have on occasion approved such adoptions. The Texas Courts of Appeals has not considered the question directly but has said that a lower court's approval of an adoption by a same-sex couple did not represent a "fundamental error".
A court may not issue a supplemental birth certificate for a child adopted by two men or two women. The primary purpose of the certificate is to prove the parent/child relationship to outside entities, such as schools, insurance companies, and passport offices. On November 15, 2012, Representative Rafael Anchia introduced House Bill 201 for the legislature's 2013 regular session. The bill would have deleted the prohibition against issuing a supplemental birth certificate for a child adopted by two men or two women. The bill died in the Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence committee of the House of Representatives.
Transgender rights
In 2009, the Texas legislature authorized a court order relating to a person's sex change to be acceptable proof of identity for a marriage license.
For geographical areas under the jurisdiction of the Texas Court of Appeals in San Antonio, the 1999 case Littleton v. Prange defined that, for purposes of determining the validity of a marriage, a person's sex is determined at birth and is not changed by surgery or drug therapy. This ruling allowed a person born male who transitioned to female to marry a woman in that court's jurisdiction. In February 2014, the Texas Court of Appeals in Corpus Christi held that state law had changed since Littleton and now recognized sex reassignment, so that parties to a lawsuit contesting whether or not a marriage was an invalid same-sex marriage or a valid different-sex marriage needed to have their dispute heard by a trial court.
Other legal and policy issues
Sex education
The Texas Department of State Health Services has developed model education programs on AIDS and HIV; however, Texas law requires that the "materials in the education programs intended for persons younger than 18 years of age ... state that homosexual conduct is not an acceptable lifestyle and is a criminal offense...." In practice, few school districts include that language about homosexual conduct in their sex education materials. This law also has not been modified since Lawrence v. Texas.
Romeo and Juliet Law
Texas provides an affirmative defense to a person who has engaged in unlawful sexual contact with a child under 17 years of age if the person is not more than three years older than the child. This defense, however, does not apply if the person and the child are of the same sex. Texas has been the only state to make such a distinction since the Kansas Supreme Court found a similar Kansas statute to be unconstitutional in 2005. During the legislature's 2013 regular session, House Bill 2403 by Representative Mary González, House Bill 3322 by Representative Coleman, and Senate Bill 1316 by Senator John Whitmire would have repealed this distinction; however, none of these bills was passed by its chamber of origin.
National Guard
Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor in June 2013 invalidating Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, the U.S. Department of Defense issued directives requiring state units of the National Guard to enroll the same-sex spouses of guard members in federal benefit programs. Texas National Guard officials initially refused to comply, instead requiring Guard members to travel to federal facilities to do so. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel on October 31 said he would insist on compliance. On November 26, Texas agreed to conform with DoD policy stating that state workers would be considered federal workers while enrolling same-sex couples for benefits.
Hate crimes law
On May 11, 2001, Governor Rick Perry signed House Bill 587, popularly but unofficially known as the James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Act, which strengthened penalties for certain crimes motivated by a victim's race, color, disability, religion, national origin or ancestry, age, gender, or sexual preference. This legislation did not cover gender identity. House Bill 3324 by Representative Garnet Coleman in the legislature's 2013 regular session would have added gender identity or expression to the hate crimes law; however, the bill died in the Criminal Jurisprudence committee of the house of representatives.
In the first decade after the law took effect on September 1, 2001, local law enforcement agencies have reported about 200 crimes per year as hate crimes. However, fewer than one case a year on average has been successfully prosecuted in Texas as a hate crime. so they are in the law but are almost never used.
Laws regarding same-sex sexual activity
Until the U. S. Supreme Court in 2003 declared sodomy laws unconstitutional in Lawrence v. Texas, certain sexual acts between persons of the same sex were a criminal offense in Texas, termed "deviate sexual intercourse", The offense was a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not to exceed $500. As of April 2011, Texas was one of the four states with statutes criminalizing same-sex sexual acts, along with Oklahoma, Kansas, and Montana. The legislature has failed to act on several proposed bills that would repeal the Texas statute.
Politics
The Texas Republican Party holds all statewide offices in Texas and controls both houses of the Texas legislature. Its 2012 party platform contained numerous statements against LGBT rights.
Republican Governor Rick Perry signed a pledge from the National Organization for Marriage to oppose same-sex marriage; Perry also dismissed the Lawrence v. Texas U. S. Supreme Court decision as the product of "nine oligarchs in robes".
The Texas Democratic Party added certain LGBT rights to the party's platform in 1980, and included same-sex marriage rights in its 2012 platform, becoming the first Democratic state party in the southern United States to do so.
Opinion polls
Since 2009, Texans between the ages of 18 and 29 have increasingly supported same-sex marriage at a faster rate than that of the general population. In June 2009, the University of Texas found that 49 percent of that age group supported same-sex marriage as opposed to 29 percent of the general population. In February 2013, it found that 59 percent of them did so while only 37 percent of the general population had the same opinion. Opposition from Texans between the ages of 18 and 29 dropped 12 points in the same period, from 28 to 16 percent. At the same time, opposition from the general population in Texan dropped 5 points, from 52.7 percent to 47.5 percent. Glengariff Group, Inc., in conjunction with the pro-LGBT rights Equality Texas Foundation, found that support in that age group rose from 53.6 percent in 2010 to 67.9 percent in 2013 while within the general population in Texas, support rose from 42.7 percent to 47.9 percent.
Summary table
Resources
See also
- Equality Texas
- LGBT rights in the United States
- LGBT rights by country or territory
- List of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type
- Politics of Texas
- Law of Texas
- LGBT culture in Dallas-Fort Worth
- LGBT culture in Houston
Notes
References
External links
- Equality Texas
- Texas Wins Campaign
- Transgender Education Network of Texas
- Stonewall Democrats - Texas
- "Understanding Transgender Marriage in Texas Law", ONTD Political, August 19, 2010
- "Does Texas Allow Transgender Marriages?", The Houston Family Law Blog, authored by Laura Fishman, May 7, 2010
- "Texas and the Hate Crimes Act", Daily Kos, October 28, 2009
- The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers: The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Texas, by George Painter
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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